Extra-Articular Augmentation | Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction

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When a patient tears their native ACL and then unfortunately tears their reconstructed ACL then it is prudent to consider an ALL reconstruction (anterolateral ligament or extra-articular augmentation) when revising the intra-articular ACL.  

This structure helps control rotational instability.  We often use this as an “insurance policy”…particularly if the patient tore their graft despite having the appropriate graft and good tunnel placement.  

We also strongly consider an ALL when the patients “well” knee behaves ACL deficient with a pivot, despite having an intact ACL.

The technique is as follows…
1️⃣ Split ITB (iliotibial band).
2️⃣ Fix graft at Gerdy’s tubercle.
3️⃣ Route the graft beneath the LCL to the lateral epicondyle.
4️⃣ Find the isometric position.
5️⃣ Fix graft at isometric position.
6️⃣ Close ITB.

Extension Block from ACL Tear

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Patients with acute ACL tears can sometimes present with missing terminal extension (inability to fully straighten the knee). One must always suspect a bucket-handle meniscus tear in this situation, but sometimes it is due to “stump entrapment” where a portion of the torn ACL flips forward and gets pinched between the femur and tibia, acting as a mechanical obstruction that limits full extension of the knee.

1️⃣ + 2️⃣ Arthroscopy views of the ACL fragment caught in the intercondylar notch.
3️⃣ + 4️⃣ Sagittal and coronal MRI views of the ACL fragment flipped forward.

ACL Graft At 0 + 16 Weeks

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The graft looks good....but is it ready for the patient to return to soccer?

Graft healing is an extremely complex process influenced by many variables (type of graft used, method of graft fixation + tensioning, graft motion, etc). Shockingly, during the healing process, the ACL graft tissue gradually weakens with decreased structural properties and the graft is most vulnerable at 6-7 weeks after surgery and the graft never returns to its original strength at the time of implantation!

This is why, it's important to follow your surgeons PT protocol, they know when the graft can endure more stress. No matter how good you feel or how ready you think you might be, your surgeon has a specific timeline that allows for return to running, jumping, athletics, etc. The recovery timeline is based on the biology of the graft...not how it looks on MRI, how it feels on exam or how ready you feel! Be patient...it's in your knees best interest!

Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone (BTB or BPTB) Harvest for ACL Reconstruction

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This ACL graft involves a bone plug from the tibial tubercle, the central 1/3 of the patellar tendon and a bone plug form the patella.

1️⃣ Patellar Tendon.
2️⃣ Bone plug from tibial tubercle.
3️⃣ We take a small piece of extra bone from the tibial tubercle plug and use it as bone graft in the recipient patellar bone plug site.
4️⃣ Middle 1/3 of the patellar tendon removed.
5️⃣ Closure of the patellar tendon with the knee at 90 degrees of flexion.
6️⃣ Closure of the peritenon with the knee at 90 degrees of flexion.
7️⃣ BTB autograft.
8️⃣ Final ACL reconstruction with BTB autograft.

Before + After: ACL Tear + ACL Reconstruction with Hamstring Autograft

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When performing an ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft (using the patients own hamstring tendons), 2 hamstring tendons are used to make up the graft; the semitendinosus and gracilis.  The 2 strands of tendon are sewn together to make one bundle.  Then the bundle is folded onto itself, essentially making a 4-strand graft.  

How does patient activity level influences ACL graft choice?

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In a room full of orthopaedic surgeons, you can’t throw a cat without hitting a few docs who have torn their ACL’s and never had them reconstructed.  Why?  Because a lot of orthopaedists don’t regularly participate in sports that involve rapid direction change, cutting, jumping, landing or pivoting; and if you don’t do those things, the likelihood that you’ll experience knee instability is low. 

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ACL Graft: Allograft

/ OPA Orthopedics/

The allograft is the “Honda scooter of grafts” – It is easy to drive, you can park it anywhere, it’s dirt cheap with respect to graft pain, but they don’t work well to haul things or race, and there might be some reliability and safety issues.  You might not want it as your only vehicle.

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ACL Graft: Hamstring Autograft

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ACL Graft: Hamstring Autograft

Hamstring autograft is the “4WD SUV of grafts” – It is reliable, it is flexible, it is a workhorse that works great for most people with few exceptions (from taking out the groceries all the way to tennis practice to the marathon).  It isn’t too ‘costly’ with respect to pain or arthritis, but high performance individual, elite athletes and folks exposed routinely to contact sports might be looking for a little more.

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ACL Graft: Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone or "BTB"

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ACL Graft: Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone or "BTB"

For me, the BTB is the “Luxury Sports Car of Grafts” – it’s built for speed and power, it’s sexy, it wins races, but it comes at a potential cost, and it may be more than some people need. I prefer using the BTB graft for my patients who are in the athletic population, unless there are specific patient variables that make me think it is not the best choice or contraindicated. 

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Do I need to have ACL surgery?

/ OPA/
Do I need to have ACL surgery?

Not everyone who has an ACL tear needs to have ACL surgery; so, before signing up for surgery to reconstruct your ACL, think about your activity level, current level of function and comfort, activity goals, etc and decide with your surgeon what the best treatment option is for you and your knee.

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